45钢和40Cr钢压缩机曲轴表面感应淬火后的梯度组织与性能

doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.037

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对实际工程用45钢和40Cr钢大型往复压缩机曲轴,选取表面感应淬火的曲柄销部位,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了梯度显微组织,并利用维氏硬度计、万能试验机、仪器化压痕仪和高频疲劳试验机测试了硬度、抗拉强度和疲劳性能。结果表明,45钢曲柄销显微组织由表层马氏体逐渐向内部屈氏体+颗粒状铁素体、索氏体+小条状铁素体、珠光体+沿晶块状铁素体过渡;相应地,表层硬度较高,随着距表面距离的增加,45钢硬度呈先快速降低后又缓慢降低。40Cr钢曲柄销显微组织则由表层马氏体逐渐向内部回火索氏体、索氏体+沿晶块状铁素体过渡;高硬度表层更厚,随着距表面距离的增加,硬度曲线出现了陡降、缓升和缓降的变化趋势。曲轴材料的抗拉强度随距表面距离增加而不断降低,并与硬度呈近线性关系变化。45钢和40Cr钢的疲劳曲线均符合经典的Basquin关系,结合曲轴受力分析发现,大型往复压缩机曲柄销表下受感应淬火热影响区域的疲劳失效风险较高,不同区域疲劳寿命可通过外加应力面和疲劳寿命曲面的交线获得。

关键词: 往复压缩机曲轴, 45钢, 40Cr钢, 感应淬火, 组织与性能

Abstract: Gradient microstructure and mechanical properties of the surface induction hardened crankpins of actual industrial reciprocating compressor crankshafts made of the 45 steel and 40Cr steel were investigated. The gradient microstructure of 45 steel and 40Cr steel was examined by using optical microscope (OM) as well as scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the hardness, the tensile strength and the fatigue property were tested by using Vickers hardness tester, universal testing machine, instrumented indentation system and resonant testing machine. The results show that the microstructure of the 45 steel crankpin gradually transits from the surface martensite to the inner troostite+granular ferrite, sorbite+small strip ferrite and pearlite+intergranular massive ferrite; consequently, the surface hardness keeps a high level, and with depth increasing the hardness has sharp decrease before continuously slow decrease. The microstructure of the 40Cr steel crankpin gradually transits from the surface martensite to the inner tempered sorbite and sorbite+intergranular massive ferrite; it has a thicker surface layer with high hardness, and subsequently sudden drop occurs followed by slow increase and then slow decrease in the hardness curve with the increase of distance from surface. The tensile strength of crankpin materials progressively decreases with depth increasing, and has nearly linear relationship with Vickers hardness. Combined with stress analysis of crankshaft, the subsurface regions of crankpins affected by induction hardening heat are considered to be at high risk of fatigue failure, and the fatigue lives can be easily obtained based on the intersection of the fatigue life surface and the applied stress plane.

Key words: reciprocating compressor crankshaft, 45 steel, 40Cr steel, induction hardening, microstructure and properties

中图分类号:

TB301

聂德福. 45钢和40Cr钢压缩机曲轴表面感应淬火后的梯度组织与性能[J]. 金属热处理, 2023, 48(12): 222-229.

Nie Defu. Gradient microstructure and properties of surface induction hardened compressor crankshafts made of 45 steel and 40Cr steel[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals, 2023, 48(12): 222-229.

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